À l’heure où la pratique de la médecine est soumise à des impératifs techniques et biopolitiques qui suscitent une (bio)éthique défensive, il est essentiel de revivifier les dimensions éthiques du soin au cœur même de la clinique, pour redonner sens à la responsabilité morale qui l’habite. Cette contribution cherche à relever ce défi en puisant aux ressources anthropologiques, épistémologiques et éthiques des travaux de Viktor von Weizsäcker, de Georges Canguilhem, de Paul Ricœur et d’Emmanuel Lévinas, dont les recherches ont ouvert, (...) dès le milieu du XXe siècle, la voie d’une anthropologie clinique qui pose les jalons d’une éthique de responsabilité propre à l’exercice de la médecine. À la lumière de ces recherches, où médecine et philosophie se nourrissent mutuellement, cette étude propose une éthique du soin qui contribue à maintenir vivants les liens unissant éthique et médecine. (shrink)

In order to explore how emotions contribute positively or negatively to understanding the meaning of complex socio-culturally specific phenomena, I argue that we must take into account the habitual dimension of emotions – i.e., the emotion repertoire that a feeling person acquires in the course of their affective biography. This brings to light a certain form of alignment in relation to affective intentionality that is key to comprehending why humans understand situations in the way they do and why it so (...) often is especially hard to understand things _differently_. A crucial epistemic problem is that subjects often do not even enter a process of understanding, i.e., they do not even start to consider a specific object, theory, circumstance, other being, etc. in different ways than the familiar one. The epistemic problem at issue thus lies in an unquestioned faith in things being right the way they are taken to be. By acknowledging the habitual dimension of affective intentionality, I analyze reasons for this inability and suggest that being affectively disruptable and cultivating a pluralistic emotion repertoire are crucial abilities to overcome this epistemic problem. (shrink)

This book provides papers of the conference of leading scientists and philosophers on the notion of progress of knowledge, which is constitutive of our modern selfunderstanding, from the perspective of their disciplines. Summary of contents: 1. GEorg Henrik von Wright, Progress: Fiction and Fact 2. WAlter Burkert, Impact and Limits of the Idea of Progress in Antiquity 3. AListair Crombie, Philosophical Commitments and Scientific Progress 4. SHigeru Nakayama, Chinese "Cyclic" View of History vs Japanese "Progress" 5. JEan Blondel, Political Progress: (...) Illusion or Reality 6. NIcholas Rescher, Progress and the Future 7. RUdolf Flotzinger, Progress and Development in Musical History 8. DAg Pravitz, Progress in Philosophy 9. JOhn D. BArrow, Time in the Universe 10. ANtonio Garcia-Bellido, Progress in Biological Evolution 11. GEreon Wolters, The Idea of Progress in Evolutionary Biology: Philosophical Considerations 12. PHilippe Lazar, The Idea of Progress in Human Health. (shrink)

Expressions of epistemic modality mark the possibility/necessity of the prejacent proposition relative to some body of evidence/knowledge.

It is well known that indefinite phrases are more liberal in taking scope than other quantifying phrases. In general, the scope of indefinites is not limited by the finite clause in which they occur, although the scope of universal quantifiers is. Wh-phrases behave very much like indefinites: in languages with wh in situ, their scope need not be restricted by anything like clause boundedness.

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This paper is mainly concerned with tense in embedded constructions. I believe that recent research – notably the work by Ogihara (1989) and Abusch (1993) – has contributed much to our better understanding of its semantics. The proposals made by the two authors are, however, still too simplistic in some regards. Among other things, they neglect the interplay of tense with temporal adverbs of quantification and with frame-setters. To get this composition right is a touchstone for every theory of tense (...) and tense semanticists have been concerned with this problem from the beginning on, as witnessed by the analyses in Kratzer (1978), Bäuerle (1979), Dowty (1979/1982), to mention a few. (shrink)

Hermann von Helmholtz was a leading figure of nineteenth-century European intellectual life, remarkable even among the many scientists of the period for the range and depth of his interests. A pioneer of physiology and physics, he was also deeply concerned with the implications of science for philosophy and culture. From the 1850s to the 1890s, Helmholtz delivered more than two dozen popular lectures, seeking to educate the public and to enlighten the leaders of European society and governments about the potential (...) benefits of science and technology to a developing modern society. David Cahan has selected fifteen of these lectures, which reflect the wide range of topics of crucial importance to Helmholtz and his audiences. Among the subjects discussed are the origins of the planetary system, the relation of natural science to science in general, the aims and progress of the physical sciences, the problems of perception, and academic freedom in German universities. This collection also includes Helmholtz's fascinating lectures on the relation of optics to painting and the physiological causes of harmony in music, which provide insight into the relations between science and aesthetics. Science and Culture makes available again Helmholtz's eloquent arguments on the usefulness, benefits, and, intellectual pleasures of understanding the natural world. With Cahan's Introduction to set these essays in their broader context, this collection makes an important contribution to the philosophical and intellectual history of Europe at a time when science played an increasingly significant role in social, economic, and cultural life. (shrink)

In this work, we treat the interpretation of tense in adjunct clauses in English and Russian (relative clauses, before/after/when-clauses) with a future matrix verb. The main findings of our paper are the following: 1. English has a simultaneous reading in Present adjuncts embedded under will. Russian Present adjuncts under budet or the synthetic perfective future can only have a deictic interpretation. This follows from our SOT parameter. 2. The syntax of Russian temporal adjunct clauses (do/posle togo kak…) shows overt parts (...) that had to be stipulated for English as covert in earlier papers. We present a neat and straightforward analysis of Russian temporal adjuncts. Contrary to Russian, English has Present under Future in before-clauses. It would be nice to relate this feature to the SOT parameter, but the construction seems to be an idiosyncrasy in the domain of subordinate tense. (shrink)

DigiCat Verlag stellt Ihnen diese Sonderausgabe des Buches "Das Problem des platonischen Symposion" von August Ritter von Kleemann vor. Jedes geschriebene Wort wird von DigiCat als etwas ganz Besonderes angesehen, denn ein Buch ist ein wichtiges Medium, das Weisheit und Wissen an die Menschheit weitergibt. Alle Bücher von DigiCat kommen in der Neuauflage in neuen und modernen Formaten. Außerdem sind Bücher von DigiCat als Printversion und E-Book erhältlich. Der Verlag DigiCat hofft, dass Sie dieses Werk mit der Anerkennung und Leidenschaft (...) behandeln werden, die es als Klassiker der Weltliteratur auch verdient hat. (shrink)

Excerpt from Die Überwindung des Schopenhauerschen Pessimismus Durch Friedrich Nietzsche Obwohl der philosophische Pessimismus in unserer Zeit wenige Vertreter aufweist, begegnen wir dem praktischen Pessimismus leider nur zu häufig. Die Stellung Nietzsche's zu dieser Frage eingehender zu untersuchen, ist die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Schrift. Der Zweck ist, den Leser zum Studium Nietzsches selbst anzuregen, insbesondere der Schriften, die sich mit dem Pessimismus auseinandersetzen. Sehr zu bedauern wäre es dagegen, wenn Jemand glaubte, durch die Lektüre von Schriften uber Nietzsche sich das (...) Studium von Nietzsche's Werken selbst ersparen zu können. Herrn Professor Vaihinger in Halle möchte ich auch hier meinen Dank aussprechen fur die Ratschläge, die er mir bei der Ausführung dieser Arbeit zuteil werden liess, zu der ich die erste Anregung ebenfalls von ihm empfing. Der Verfasser.2. Der innere Gegensatz Nietzsche's gegen Schopenhauer trotz der äusseren Bejahung des Schopenhauer'schen Pessimismus 20 - 28. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Summary Verbs of creation (create, make, paint) are not transparent. The object created does not exist during the event time but only thereafter. We may call this type of opacity temporal opacity. I is to be distinguished from modal opacity, which is found in verbs like owe or seek. (Dowty, 1979) offers two analyses of creation verbs. One analysis predicts that no object of the sort created exists before the time of the creation. The other analysis says that the object (...) exists throughout the act of creation. I investigate three theories: Theory I says that no object of the sort created and which is caused by the very act of creation exists before the creation. In this theory, verbs of creation must embed a property. Theory II can regard the indefinite object of a creation verb as a quantifier and gives it wide scope with respect to the verb. The theory has to make sure that the objects quantified over exist only after the event. While Theory I and II start from the assumption that the extension of all nouns depend on time, Theory III says that Individual Level predicates do not depend on time. This ontology will enable us to treat verbs of creation as first order relations. The theory will entail that a picture does not mean the same as there is a picture. The paper discusses various approaches to the problem: Krifka, Parsons, Landman, Kratzer and Zucchi. (shrink)

The paper focuses on the inferential role of quantifiers in Frege, Peano and Russell. Two aspects of the early years of mathematical logic are discussed: the gradual perfection of the principles of reasoning with quantifiers, and the presumed conceptual impossibility of posing metatheoretical questions, as embodied in Jean van Heijenoort’s well-known dictum about “logic as calculus and logic as language.”.

Zeitgenössische Positionen in der Debatte über fiktionale Namen lassen sich in zwei Lager aufteilen: deskriptivistische und Millsche Ansätze. Deskriptivisten nehmen an, dass der semantische Inhalt eines Namens synonym mit einer Kennzeichnung sei, während Millianerinnen, behaupten, dass der semantische Inhalt eines Namens sein Bezugsobjekt sei. Da es sich bei diesen Ansätzen um Theorien handelt, die sich nicht auf fiktionale Namen beschränken, sondern Eigennamen generell behandeln, müssen sie sich auch Einwänden stellen, die nicht nur auf fiktionale Namen zutreffen. Dieses Kapitel konzentriert sich (...) weniger auf die Darstellung allgemeiner Probleme, sondern auf solche, die sich besonders im Zusammenhang mit fiktionalen Namen stellen. (shrink)

Zwischen 1960 und 2000 beschränkten sich viele deutsch- sprachige Philosophieprofessoren auf Philosophiegeschichts- schreibung, sie verteidigten nicht ihre eigenen Antworten auf philosophische Fragen. Dieser Aufsatz legt dar, wie die Annahme der Existenz von Epochen ein Grund für diese Beschränkung ist, und plädiert dafür, daß die Suche nach Antworten auf die philosophischen Fragen auch heute durch nichts ersetzt werden kann und soll.

ZusammenfassungIn einem typenfreien formalen System, das widerspruchsfrei ist und alle Begriffe der klassischen Mathematik darzustellen vermag, können nicht alle Gesetze der klassischen Aussagenlogik gelten. Es entsteht daher das Problem, die aussagenlogischen Eigenschaften formaler Systeme allgemein zu untersuchen. Unter gewissen Voraussetzungen in aussagenlogischer Hinsicht wird die « aussagenlogische Vollständigkeit » und die « aussagenlogische Widerspruchsfreiheit » eines formalen Systems durch das Tertium non datur beziehungsweise durch die Schlussregel des Ex falso quodlibet charakterisiert. Es werden Entscheidungsverfahren für diejenigen syntaktischen Schlussregeln entwickelt, die (...) unter den vorliegenden aussagenlogischen Voraus‐setzungen in jedem formalen System beziehungsweise in jedem aussagen‐logisch vollständigen formalen System beziehungsweise in jedem aussagen‐logisch widerspruchsfreien formalen System gelten.RésuméDans un système formel sans types sans contradictions et qui pent représenter toutes les notions des mathkmatiques classiques, toutes les lois de la logiqrie propositionelle classique ne peuvent pas êvalables. C'est de là que s'ensuit le problème de discuter généralement les propriétés des systèmes formels en ce qu'elles concernent la logique des propositions. Sous certaines suppositions à I'Cgard des expressions propositionelles le « complet propositionel » et la « non‐contradiction propositionelle » se caractérisent par le tertium non datur ou plutôt par la rkgle d'inférence du ex falso quodlibet. On développe des méthodes de décision pour ces règles d'inférence syntactiques qui sont valables dans chaque système formel sous les suppositions données et pour ces régles d'inférence qui sont valables dans chaque système complet ou consistarit au point de vue de la logiqire des propositions.In a formal system without types which contains no contradictions and is able to represent all notions of classical mathematics, all the laws of classical propositional calculus cannot be valid. From this fact ensues the problem generally to explore the properties of formal systems from the point of view of the propositional calculus. Under certain assumptions conrerninq the propositional expressions the « propositional completeness » and the « propositional consistency » of a formal system is characterized through the tertium Ron datur, respectively through the inference rule of the ex falso quodlibet. There are decision procedures for the syntactical inference rules which in every formal system are valid under the given assumptions and for the syntactical inference rules of every formal system which is complete or consistent with respect to the propositional calculus. (shrink)